Researchers built NTX250, a lipid–peptoid nanoparticle carrying mRNA for HPV16 E6 and E7 antigens together with the immunomodulators IL-12 and LIGHT, and injected it into lesions in tumour-bearing mice. Tumours regressed completely and antigen-specific immune memory persisted; swapping in colorectal neoepitopes also suppressed tumour growth. No human data are reported.
Why it is interesting: A therapeutic rather than prophylactic route against persistent HPV infection, though still entirely preclinical.