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Data, models and systemsForecasts and their record refines
Pandemic excess deaths were partly offset by a death deficit in 2024 and 2025
Across 38 countries with reliable death registration, excess deaths of 1.99-2.88 million in 2020-2023 were followed by a deficit of 0.39-1.08 million in 2024-2025.
Preprint · not peer-reviewed
