The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety followed 1858 adults with lifetime major depression or no depression, all free of cardiometabolic disease at baseline, for 15 years, establishing incidence from self-report, medication use and glucose. Incidence was 21.3 per 1000 person-years, and depression carried a hazard ratio of 1.65 against controls after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Atypical energy-related symptoms, anhedonia and typical symptoms showed comparable effect sizes, with only atypical symptoms separately associated with incident diabetes.
Why it is interesting: The study tests whether inflammation-linked symptom profiles account for depression's cardiometabolic risk, and finds comparable effects across profiles.