A retrospective modelling study used the French SPARES surveillance programme to compare the incidence of ESBL-producing and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in hospitals between 2019 and 2024. ESBL incidence was stable at 0.53 to 0.70 cases per 1,000 patient-days, an annual change of 3.1% that did not reach significance, while carbapenemase-producing organisms rose from 0.010 to 0.037 per 1,000 patient-days, an annual change of 32.8% and a doubling time of 2.4 years. Escherichia coli predominated among the first group and Klebsiella pneumoniae among the second.
Why it is interesting: It separates the resistance mechanism that is static from the one growing quickly, in a country with continuous national denominators in patient-days.